A Portrait of the Artist as a Patient : the eyes of James Joyce

Joyce has a medical history the merest inspection of which shows that he had a life of sustained discomfort. In his bag of tribulations was eye disease that began in his twenties and persisted intractably until his death at sixty. Victimised by alcoholism, anxiety, and asthenia, Joyce had a constancy of stomach pain that was unsolvable by his physicians. He died in 1941 of a perforated gut and its postoperative course.

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